The architecture of alveolar capillaries in the lungs of bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus) / Arquitectura de los capilares alveolares de pulmones de camellos bactrianos (Camelus bactrianus)

SUMMARY: The Bactrian camel, which is native to China and Mongolia, is large in size and is an even-toed ungulate species. The double humps on the Bactrian camel back differentiate it from the dromedary camel, which has a single hump. This species has adapted to unsuitable conditions (lack of food and water) in the Gobi Desert and is advanced in unique anatomical and physiological characteristics during a prolonged evolution period. Several studies have been conducted on the anatomical features of the Bactrian camel, but none have given attention to the alveolar capillaries of the Bactrian camel lung. Therefore, the current study aims to explore the architecture of the alveolar capillary in the Bactrian camel lung and further explain the mechanism of blood flow in its lung. The current study extracted and examined the architecture of the alveolar capillary in the lung of the Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) and further explained the mechanism of blood flow by performing lung casting and replica scanning electron microscopy methods. The reports showed that the resources of the alveolar-capillary originated from the capillaries of the subpleural space or interlobular septulum, sometimes originating from the precapillary arterioles or directly from the terminal arterioles. The alveolar capillaries anastomosed and formed a single layer of dense, basket-like network surrounding the alveolus. The mash diameter of the alveolar-capillary network was larger than that of the capillary, and the appearance of the mash was oval and elliptical. Many of the collapsed alveolar-capillary networks were found in the alveolar microvascular architecture in the lung of the Bactrian camel. The study found that, due to many collapsed alveoli in the Bactrian camel lung, the disproportional pressure between the pulmonary alveoli induced less imbalance of blood flow in the alveolar capillary, which affected the gas exchange efficiency. Therefore, the function of the anastomosing capillary branch was likely to regulate the blood flow between the alveolar-capillary network.

RESUMEN: El camello bactriano, es originario de China y Mongolia, es de gran tamaño y es una especie de ungulado de dedos pares. Las dobles jorobas del lomo del camello bactriano lo diferencian del dromedario, que tiene una sola joroba. Esta especie se ha adaptado a condiciones inadecuadas (falta de alimento y agua) en el desierto de Gobi y ha avanzado en características anatómicas y fisiológicas únicas durante un período de evolución prolongado. Se han realizado varios estudios sobre las características anatómicas del camello bactriano, pero ninguno ha prestado atención a los capilares alveolares del pulmón de este animal. Por lo tanto, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo principal explorar la arquitectura del capilar alveolar en el pulmón del camello bactriano y explicar el mecanismo del flujo sanguíneo. A partir de nuestro trabajo se examinó la arquitectura del capilar alveolar en el pulmón del camello bactriano (Camelus bactrianus) mediante la realización de métodos de microscopía electrónica de barrido y escaneo pulmonar. Los informes mostraron que los recursos del alvéolo-capilar se originaban en los capilares del espacio subpleural o del tabique interlobulillar y a veces se originaban en las arteriolas precapilares o directamente en las arteriolas terminales. Los capilares alveolares se anastomosaban y formaban una densa red de capa única en forma de cesta que rodeaba el alvéolo. El diámetro del macerado de la red alveolar-capilar era mayor que el del capilar y el aspecto del macerado era ovalado y elíptico. Muchas de las redes alvéolo-capilares colapsadas se encontraron en la arquitectura microvascular alveolar en el pulmón del camello bactriano. El estudio encontró que, muchos alvéolos colapsados en el pulmón del camello bactriano, la presión desproporcionada entre los alvéolos pulmonares inducía un menor desequilibrio del flujo sanguíneo en el capilar alveolar, lo que afectaba la eficiencia del intercambio de gases. Por lo tanto, la función de la rama capilar anastomosante probablemente regularía el flujo sanguíneo entre la red alveolar-capilar.

Ultra-structural pathological study of pulmonary fat embolism in rabbits / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To explore ultra-structural changes of fat embolism syndrome (FES) in the lung.@*METHODS@#Fat embolism animal model was developed by fat intravascular injection to the experimental rabbits. The rabbits were sacrificed after thrombosis immediately (0 h), 3 h, 8 h and 1 d, 2 d, 7 d, 14 d after thrombosis, respectively. Rabbits were injected with the same dose of saline in the control group. All experimental procedures were same in experimental and control groups. The animal model of fat embolism was validated using HE and Sudan III staining. Ultra-structural changes of lung were observed by using transmission electron microscopy.@*RESULTS@#Ultra-structural changes in capillaries and small blood vessels were found in experimental group. Type II alveolar cells, related cells and organelles showed time-dependent changes. Lipid drops and inflammatory cells were not found in control group. Lamellar body did not show emptying phenomenon and the amount of lamellar body was normal.@*CONCLUSION@#The study could provide the theoretical principle for fat embolism casesin forensic pathology.

Fenómeno de Raynaud por exposición a cloruro de vinilo / Raynaud's phenomenon secondary to vinyl chloride exposure

El policloruro de vinilo (PVC) es el polímero que ocupa el tercer puesto en el mercado de producción de plásticos a nivel mundial. Como consecuencia de la exposición crónica, los operarios pueden desarrollar cambios óseos degenerativos, Raynaud, trastornos circulatorios en extremidades, trombocitopenia y lesiones cutáneas semejantes a esclerodermia; esto se conoce como “enfermedad por cloruro de vinilo”. Presentamos un paciente masculino de 24 años de edad que presenta fenómeno de Raynaud, cefaleas, malestar en manos y pies, sensación de frío, fatiga y pérdida de apetito asociado a exposición a policloruro de vinilo. El estudio de la microcirculación cutánea periungueal por videocapilaroscopía muestra alteraciones estructurales y funcionales características. Se recomienda un seguimiento multidisciplinario estricto de los trabajadores expuestos a PVC.

The Effects of the Ulmus Root-bark Dressing in Tissue Regeneration of Induced Pressure Ulcers in Rats / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the ulmus root-bark dressing on tissue regeneration in experimentally-induced pressure ulcers in rats. METHOD: A randomized pretest/post-test control group time-series study design was used. Thirty-three male Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study. The rats were anesthetized with 100mg/kg of ketamine. Pressure ulcers were induced at 140mmHg for three hours using a personally-designed pressing apparatus. For four weeks, the ulmus root-bark dressing was applied every other day in the experimental group (n=18) and a wet gauze dressing in the control group (n=15). For data analysis, the statistical program SPSS WIN 12 was used. The wounds were examined by light microscopy and electron microscopy. RESULT: There were significant statistical differences in the size of the pressure ulcers as time went by(p=0.006). It should be noted that there were no significant statistical differences in the number of capillaries. Using light microscopy the inflammatory infiltration and neovascularization in the dermis in the experimental group emerged densely in the early stages, but recovered rapidly at the latter stages. In addition, the reepithelization of the epidermis occurred earlier than in the control group. By electron microscopy, the cell organelles of the capillary endothelial cells and the basal lamina of capillaries in the experimental group showed a more rapid maturation during the latter stages, compared with the control group. CONCLUSION: According to this study, it can be concluded that the ulmus root-bark dressing is effective regarding the healing of pressure ulcers.

Ultraestructura de la retinopatía causada por la hiperoxia en ratas en desarrollo / Ultra structure of retinopathy induced by hyperoxia in developing rats

In order to evaluate the effect of postnatal hyperoxia on retinal structure, newborn rats were exposed to different oxygenation intervals (80 ± 1%) with three interruptions of 21% (30 min each). Four groups of rats were exposed from birth to the 6th, 9th, 12th and 14th postnatal day, respectively and another group was placed under normoxia. After this period all oxygenated groups and the controls remained under normoxia until they were 30 days old for the structural analysis of retina. Retinal histology was carried out using conventional techniques for transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In the ganglion cell layer of the retina from rats exposed for 9 days to hyperoxia, capillaries with large projections toward the lumen, were observed as a possible consequence of cellular edema of endothelium. The most severe damage was observed in rats exposed to hyperoxia during 12 and 14 days, showing mitochondrias swollen up and without crests in the areas surrounding the capillaries, necrosis and apoptosis processes, dense bodies, cells with swollen cytoplasms and rupture of the plasmatic membrane. The results suggest that postnatal hyperoxia causes severe damages to the retina in developing rats with a direct relationship between the time exposed to oxygen and ultra structural damages.

Con el propósito de evaluar el efecto de la hiperoxia posnatal sobre la estructura retiniana se analizaron retinas de ratas recién nacidas expuestas a diferentes periodos de oxigenación (80 ±1%), con tres interrupciones de 21% (30 min c/u). Cuatro grupos de ratas fueron expuestas desde su nacimiento hasta el 6to, 9no, 12mo y 14to días de vida y otro grupo fue mantenido en normoxia. Después de este periodo tanto los grupos expuestos a la hiperoxia como los controles permanecieron en normoxia hasta una edad de 30 días para el análisis estructural de la retina. La histología se hizo usando técnicas convencionales para microscopía electrónica de transmisión (MET). En la capa de células ganglionares de la retina de ratas expuestas a nueve días de hiperoxia, se observaron capilares con notables proyecciones hacia la luz, posiblemente como consecuencia de edema celular del endotelio. El daño más intenso fue observado en las ratas expuestas a hiperoxia durante 12 y 14 días, mostrando mitocondrias hinchadas y sin crestas en las áreas circundantes a los capilares, procesos de necrosis y apoptosis, cuerpos densos, células con citoplasmas hinchados y con ruptura de la membrana plasmática. Los resultados sugieren que la hiperoxia posnatal causa graves daños a la retina en las ratas en desarrollo, con una relación directa entre el tiempo de exposición al oxígeno y los daños ultraestructurales.

Estudo comparativo do envelhecimento do sistema capilar dos músculos: diafragma e reto anterior do abdome em ratos. Futuro modelo para o estudo de atividade física? / A comparative study on the aging process of muscles' capillary system: diaphragm and rectus abdominis in rats. A future model for physical activity studies?

No presente estudo as alterações etárias no sistema capilar foram investigadas nos músculos diafragma e reto anterior do abdome em ratos de 1, 8 e 18 meses de idade. Os padrões de ativação destes músculos diferem em que o diafragma é regularmente mobilizado muitas vezes a cada minuto durante toda a vida do animal, enquanto o reto anterior do abdome, embora mobilizado na respiração seja ativado de maneira muito menos freqüente e regular. As fibras musculares foram pré-incubadas em pH 4,35 e fixadas pelo método de Padykula e Herman para estudar a atividade miofibrilar da ATP-ase, tornando possível a separação das fibras em três grupos: oxidativa lenta (I); glicolítica oxidativa rápida (IIA) e oxidativa rápida (IIB) e a identificação dos capilares ao redor das fibras no mesmo corte. A relação capilar/fibra e a densidade capilar foram obtidas. A análise da relação capilar/fibra e da área entre os dois tipos musculares mostrou padrões diferentes de desenvolvimento capilar, no envelhecimento, das fibras não fatigáveis (I e IIA) do músculo diafragma em comparação com o reto anterior do abdome. Estas diferenças etárias do diafragma e reto anterior do abdome poderiam estar relacionadas à contínua contração diafragmática e poderia vir a ser este um modelo natural de exercício permanente e envelhecimento muscular.

Skeletal muscle capillary ultrastructure in Toxoplasma gondii parasitized mice / Ultraestructura de los capilares del músculo esqueléticos en ratones parasitados con Toxoplasma gondii

A light and transmission electron microscopic study was perfomed in skeletal muscles from mice experinmentally infected with Toxoplasma gondii. Parasite cysts were not observed. Capillary endothelial cytoplasm abnormalities included proliferation of organelles, decrease of pynocytic vesicles, degenerative changes and necrosis. In some capillaries the lumen was reduced or absent. Pericytes also were altered. In all animals (n=13), the basement membrane was normal. The cellular infiltrate consisted of macrophages, lymphocytes, mastocytes and eosinophils. The alterations observed in muscle microvasculature in absence of Toxoplasma gondii cysts, could be due to a host-immune response to the parasite

A microcirculação coronária na reperfusäo miocárdica. O fenômeno da näo reperfusão / Coronary microcirculation in myocardial reperfusion. The phenomenon of no-flow

Objetivo - Estudo da ultraestrutura dos capilares do coração, na reperfusão que sucede ao infarto do miocárdio. Material e Métodos - Cinco cães de ambos os sexos, pesando de 12 a 17,5 kg, anestesiados com pentobarbital, na dose de 30 mg/kg, de peso e ventilados com ar atmosférico, tiveram aberto o tórax e a artéria descendente anterior (DA) isolada, antes da emergência dos ramos septais. As pressões de aorta e átrio direito, eletrocardiograma e o fluxo coronário foram medidos para análise da relação pressão fluxo, objetivo de outro estudo. A DA foi ocluída por 90 min. após o que, procedeu-se à reperfusão por 20 min. Imediatamente, a DA foi canulada, injetou-se Nankin, o coração retirado, colocado em salina gelada, e em seguida fatiado, retirando-se fragmentos para estudo à microscopia eletrônica, na área marcada pelo nankin, desde o endocárdio até o epicárdio. Foi retirado um fragmento da região dorsal do coração, para estudo controle. As fatias do coração foram incubadas com TTC a 1%, a 37ºC, durante 10 min. Resultados - Na área infartada observaram-se alterações dos capilares, com edema da célula endotelial e desaparecimento das vesículas de pinocitose. Verificou-se a presença de "blebs", hemácias e neutrófilos no volume vascular. Os miócitos apresentavam desarranjo e ruptura dos miofilamentos, critólise e ruptura da membrana mitocondrial com intenso edema celular. No mesocárdio, próximo à área de não reperfusão, observaram-se capilares, com grau de lesão semelhante aos da área infartada. Os miócitos, entretanto, mostraram-se pouco alterados

Purpose - The study of the ultrastructural features of the coronary microvessels in postischemic reperfusion. Material and Methods - Five mongrel dogs of either sex, weighing 2 to 17 kg were studied Each dog was anesthesiated with 30 mg. of pentobarbital and ventilated with room air. A thoracotomy was done and the left descendent coronary artery was isolated. Aorta and right atria pressures, eletrocardiogram and coronary blood flow was measured. After 90 minutes of coronary occlusion and 20 minutes of reperfusion carbon black was injected into the anterior descending coronary artery to identify the area of impaired perfusion. The heart was excised and placed in a ice-cold saline. The left ventricle was curt transversely in six slices of 1 cm thickness parallel to the atrioventricular sulcus. Tissue specimens were taken from the subendocardial, mid-myocardial (in the non reperfused area) subepicardial and control layers for electron microscopic examination. Each slice was then incubated in a 1% solution of triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) at 37ºC for 10 minutes. Results - The infarcted areas showed widespread tissue damage with relazed myofibrils cellular edema, swollen mitocondria with fractured cristae and nuclear changes. The vascular endothelium demonstrated severe injury with edema, cytoplasmic clearing, loss of pinocytotic vesicles, nuclear changes, formation of blebs into the vascular lumen and intravascular neutrophil. In the mid-myocardial layer, near the non reperfused vessels, a striking contrast was observed beetween the vessel and myocardium cells patterns. The usual picture was a severe vascular damage without myocyte injury

Skeletal muscle ultrastructural alterations in a case of Guillain-Barre syndrome

El estudio estructural de una biopsia muscular de un paciente afectado por el síndrome de Guillain-Barré mostró los hallazgos típicos de la atrofia neurogenética, concomitantemente con anormalidades observadas infrecuentemente en el músculo desnervado como necrosis de las fibras, alteraciones capilares e infiltrado constituído por macrófagos y mastocitos ocasionales. El aspecto histopatológico fue similar al encontrado en el compromiso muscular de algunas enfermedades autoinmunes. Se discute la posible existencia de un mecanismo autinmune en el daño muscular del síndrome de Guillain-Barré

Cardiopatia isquêmica com artérias coronárias epicárdicas pérvias: os capilares do coraçäo no infarto agudo do miocárdio / Ischemie heart disease with normal epicardial coronary arteries: a study of the cardial capillaries after acute myocardial infarction

Foram estudados os capilares do coraçäo no infarto do miocárdio, através da microscopia eletrônica. Foram examinados os coraçöes de seis pacientes que vieram a falecer em conseqüência de infarto agudo do miocárdio, e que apresentavam artérias coronárias epicárdicas pérvias. Os fragmentos para exame foram retirados do contorno da área infartada, em tecido aparentemente normal. Foram estudados, também, os capilares normais de doze indivíduos sem cardiopatia isquêmica, através de fragmentos obtidos por biópsia cirúrgica, da face anterior do ventrículo esquerdo. O autor observou exprerssivas alteraçöes nos capilares que circundam a área infartada, com intenso edema da célula endotelial capilar e degeneraçäo das organelas intracelulares. No lume do capilar verificou-se empilhamento de hemácias e intensa congestäo capilar. Os a achados sugerem que as lesöes dos vasos capilares devem ter importância no agravamento da isquemia miocárdica e na recuperaçäo da área peri-infarto, embora näo pareçam representar o mecanismo causal da necrose do músculo cardíaco